The Biggest Seaborne Invasion In History - Free Essay Example

Do you want to learn more about the biggest seaborne invasion in history? First the weapons used in D-Day was incredible. Second the beaches are the main part of this day because the day was the biggest sea born mission. Last the allies formed during this huge event between america and germans . D-Day was the important operation that changed or took effect in world war 2. D-Day wouldnt be possible without the weapons we used and made. Field agents used automatic weapons like the M1 Garand and the M3 also known as the grease gun. One of the main weapons needed to win World War 2 was the landing craft which was a craft to carry soldiers into battle.Did you know around 18.2 million weapons were used in World War 2. Those were the weapons used to be able to win WW2. D-Day was a successful day but it was also a day of lose the losses of soldier a lot of men and women were killed in just the beaches.First the Sword Beach was on of the beaches attacked that day roughly 200,000 germans were killed or injured. Anotbeach attacked was the Juno Beach over 425,000 allied forces and germans were killed in this beach.And the last beach attacked this day was the Utah Beach around 6,637 people were killed in this beach. In over 631,637 people were killed that day only on the beaches. The reason we won were the allies we made to stand together and fight and free the Germans. In America our allies were Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, and China. Then on the germans side was germany, Italy, and Japan. Last there were two names for these groups for the America and our allies we were called Allies and for Germany and its Allies we called them the Axis. Those were the allies formed and the names for those groups to win ww2. Those were all you need to about D-Day.Many people were killed that day but many were saved. That day will be a day to remember and to appreciate who sacrificed their lives to free us and others in the world.Around 687714 people were killed in D-Day. In the end D-Day was a successful day of sacrifice and victory.

Essay ESP - Extra Sensory Perception - 2127 Words

ESP: An Effort to Quantify the Magical A self-conscious girl has a feeling of being watched in class and spins in her chair; indeed, from the back of the room, a curious admirer is following her every move. A woman randomly contemplates an old friend with whom she long ago lost contact; that evening, the friend calls with important news. A man wakes up with a sinking feeling about his day and decides to skip work; later he hears of the disastrous crash of the train he rides each morning. A retarded boy who cannot count correctly states the number of cards dropped on a laboratory floor. (1) A handful of people, perhaps more (and I among them), dream of crashing airplanes and crumpling buildings in the days before the twin towers of†¦show more content†¦We cannot see, or hear, or touch the future. Yet these things happen. Clinical tests show that certain people have the ability to describe figures on a card being held by a person in another room. Such tests repeatedly yield results whose probabilities of being lucky guesses are one against ten-to-the-umpteenth power (i.e.,1:1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000). (5) Hardly attributable to chance! Indigenous peoples, particularly shamans (tribal healers), have claimed for years to know how to enter trance states in which they perceive animals or people who are far away –- or dead. (4) And, while clairvoyance generally involves interactions between two or more living entities, some have been known to use such superpowers to locate objects – such as water with a stick. (3) Though theories range from the scientific to the fantastical, we can say really very little to explain these curious phenomena. (6) The investigation of the paranormal is plagued by an unfortunate, though inevitable, facet of scientific and human inquiry: the I wouldnt have seen it if I hadnt believed it phenomenon. In this case, its more I dont believe it, so I cant see it. To a great extent, we see what we believe can logically be there and overlook, or justify away, the rest. So, many pragmatic modern thinkers either deny the reality of instances of ESP, or attribute them to chance alone. (2) But its there, even if youre notShow MoreRelatedExtra Sensory Perception Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesExtra Sensory Perception Have you ever had the feeling that youve been in an establishment before youve actually gone inside? Did you ever feel like youve known that something was about to happen before there were any signs that it was about to occur? If youre not a skeptic about the powers of the mind, then there might just be an explanation for your seemingly coincidental premonitions. Its a phenomenon called extra sensory perception, better known as ESP. The textbook definition of thisRead MoreIntolerance in the Chrysalids by John Wyndham Essay519 Words   |  3 PagesIntolerance in the Chrysalids by John Wyndham The Chrysalids was by John Wyndham. It Involves Children that have ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) living in a community that does not tolerate differences. They are eventually found out and escape to Sealand (New Zealand). All societies in this novel practice intolerance in one way or another, even though Wyndham doesnt approve of it. We see it with the Norms, the Fringes, the Sealanders and even people of today. I feelRead MoreDesigning An Esp Study Using Zener Cards909 Words   |  4 PagesDesigning an ESP study using Zener Cards The purpose of this study is to outline an experiment that will correctly display if a person does or does not have extra-sensory perception. Our hypothesis is that people with a strong sense of ESP will accurately identify the Zener cards more than 20% of the time. The probability of guessing any card correctly is 20% so a person with ESP would have a higher probability of guessing correctly. Evidence for the existence of ESP has been found butRead MoreDesigning On Esp Study Zener Cards889 Words   |  4 PagesDesigning on ESP Study Zener cards The purpose of this essay is to create an experiment that test whether or not psychics have clairvoyant power. 1a. Dr. Venkman believes that psychics are the only one who has this special clairvoyant power that no regular person has. 1b. In his article How ESP Works, Tom Harris reveals that no one are ability to prove that extra- sensory perception (ESP), exist. For example, Harris uses the scenario of a man who wrote a book about a sunken ship, which had the sameRead MoreEssay Psuedopsychology vs the Scientific Method2452 Words   |  10 Pagesshe created the rapping sound that everyone believed was a source of communication with the deceased. Even with this confession thousands of people today hold their own sà ©ances because of what these sisters stared over two centuries ago. Extra Sensory Perception: Many people give a great amount of significance to thoughts and things that happen in a brief moment and try to make connections to events that happened later in the future. An example this happened a little while before the plane crashRead MoreEssay about If I See A Ghost Are My Senses1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lexicon Webster Dictionary is provided: GHOST The soul or spirit of a dead person. A disembodied spirit. HALLUCINATION (psy) an apparent perception, as by sight or hearing, for which there is no real external cause, as distinguished from illusion ILLUSION A false impression or belief. False perception or conception of some object of sense. A perception of a thing which misrepresents it, or gives it qualities not present in reality. GOD Creator and ruler of the universe, eternal, infinite spiritRead MoreA Research Study On Psychics1668 Words   |  7 Pagesso-called clairvoyant creatures. Besides those visiting the psychics, there are people who study and question the actual powers that the psychic posses. Dr. Peter Venkman was one of the people who had the desire to asses the legitimacy of extra-sensory perception, or ESP. In one of his studies, Dr. Venkman hypothesized that real psychics have special clairvoyant powers that non-psychics do not possess. He uses Dr. Venkman is going to use the Zener cards deck which contains 25 cards with 5 different shapesRead MoreParapsychology: Science of the Unexplained Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesTelepathy: the ability to exchange information without the use of the known senses. Psychokinesis: the ability to move or influence objects without physical contact. Precognition: the ability to obtain information about future events outside of available perception. These abilitie s, along with many others are just some of the many instances of unexplained phenomena that parapsychology attempts to understand. The exact purpose of parapsychology is widely misinterpreted; whether due to a lack of informationRead MoreDown a Dark Hall774 Words   |  4 Pagescomplicated math problems, and Sandy writes detailed poetry, this being odd because none of them had been able to do these things before. Kit discovers her inner specialty as well, composing wonderful piano music. Ruth had identified this as ESP or extra-sensory perception, and is excited, but Kit is further disturbed, especially after waking up to playing the piano with Jules recording it, confirming her earlier suspicions of hearing music she recognized from somewhere else. After investigating, Kit learnsRead MoreMy Development As A Psychologist1408 Words   |  6 Pagesfellow of the Parapsychology Foundation and research associate at Duke University. In the fifties and sixties the Parapsychology Foundati on and Duke University were renowned for taking the lead in research in paranormal psychology such as extra sensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis (PK). In the following five years Dr Mangan made a substantial contribution to the parapsychology literature, publishing four experimental studies and three reviews. In 1956 Dr Mangan joined the Department of Psychology

Decision Making and Consumer free essay sample

What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program? * How do consumers make purchasing decisions? * In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberate rational decision process? Contents Introduction4 What influences Consumer behavior? 5 Cultural factors5 Social factors6 Personal factors7 Key psychological processes9 Motivation9 Perception10 Learning11 Emotion12 Memory12 The buying decision process14 Behavioral decision theory amp; behavioral economics20 Introduction The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers need and want better than competitors. Marketers must have a thorough understanding of how consumers think, feel, and act and offer clear value to each and every target consumer. Successful marketing requires that companies fully connect with their customers. Adopting a holistic marketing orientation means understanding customers-gaining a 360-degree view of both their daily lives and the changes that occur during their lifetimes so the right products are always marketed to the right customers in the right way. So we are going to explore individual consumer buying dynamism. We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making and Consumer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Model of Consumer beha-vior Model of Consumer beha-vior Fig 1. 1 Fig 1. 1 The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the stimulus-response model shown in figure 1. 1. Marketing and environmental stimuli enter the consumers consciousness, and a set of psychological processes combine with certain consumer characteristics to result in decision processes and purchase decisions. The marketers task is to understand what happens in the consumers consciousness between the arrival of the outside marketing stimuli and the ultimate purchase decisions. What influences Consumer behavior? Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, idea or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. A Consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors. Cultural factors Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants amp; behavior. Each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide more specific identification and socialization for their members. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups and geographic regions. Virtually all human societies exhibit social stratification, most often in the form of social classes, relatively homogeneous and enduring divisions in a society, hierarchically ordered and with members who share similar values, interest and behavior. Social Classes Upper uppers Upper uppers Lower uppers Lower uppers Upper middles Upper middles Middle Middle Working Working Upper lowers Upper lowers Lower lowers Lower lowers Social factors Such as Reference groups, Family and Social roles and statuses affect our buying behavior. Reference groups A person’s references groups are all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on their behavior * Membership groups * Primary groups * Secondary groups * Aspirational groups * Dissociative groups Groups having a direct influence are called membership groups, some of these are Primary groups with whom the person interacts continuously and informally such as family, friends, neighbors and coworkers. People also belong to Secondary groups such as religious, professional and trade-union, which tend to be more formal and require less continuous interaction. People re also influenced by groups to which they don’t belong. Aspirational groups are those a person hops to join; Dissociative groups are those values or behavior an individual rejects. Marketers must determine how to reach and influence the group’s opinion leaders opinion leaders are often highly confident, socially active. Family There are two families in the buyer’s life: * Family of orienta tion consists of parents and siblings * Family of procreation the person’s spouse and children Rules and status Role consists of the activities a person is expected, each role in turn connotes a status Personal factors Personal characteristic that influence a buyer’s decision include * Age and stage Our taste of food, clothes and recreation is related to our age. Marketers should consider critical life events or transitions like marriage. * Occupation and Economic Circumstances Marketers try to identify the Occupational groups that have above-average interest in their product and services and even tailor product for certain Occupational groups. Both product and brand choices are affected by economic circumstance: 1. Spendable income (level, stability and time pattern) 2. Savings and assets (percentage that is liquid) 3. Debts 4. Borrowing power 5. Attitudes toward spending and saving * Personality and self-concept Personality set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring response to environmental stimuli (buying behavior). Like self-confidence, dominance, autonomy, deference, sociability, defensiveness and adaptability. Brand personality is a specific mix of human traits that we can attribute to a particular brand. 1. Sincerity 2. Excitement 3. Competence 4. Sophistication 5. Ruggedness * Life style and values Life style is a person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests and opinions. The ‘’ whole person ‘’ interacting with his/her environment. Life styles are shaped partly by whether consumers are money constrained (lower-cost product) or time constrained (multi-tasking). Consumer decisions are also influenced by core value the belief systems that underlie attitudes and behavior. Core values go much deeper than attitudes and behavior, people’s choices and desires over the long term. Key psychological processes Four key psychological process: Motivation, Perception, Learning, and Memory Motivation We all have many needs at any given time. Needs are: 1. Biogenic arise from physiological states of tension such as hunger. 2. Psychogenic arise from psychological states of tension such as the need of recognition. Three of the best-known theories of human motivation: Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow, and Frederick Herzberg. * Freud’s Theory Behavior is guided by subconscious motivations * Maslow’s Theory Behavior is driven by lowest, unmet need Fig 2. 1 Fig 2. 1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows Hierarchy of Needs * Herzberg’s Theory Behavior is guided by motivating and hygiene factors. It has two implications: 1. Sellers should do their best to avoid dissatisfiers. 2. The seller should identify the major satisfiers or motivators of purchase in the market and then supply them. Perception Perception is the process by which we select, organize and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Perceptions are more important than reality because perceptions affect consumer’s actual behavior. People emerge with different perceptions of the same object because of three perceptual processes: * Selective attention Selective attention means that marketers must work hard to attract consumer’s notice * People are more likely to notice stimuli that relate to a current need * People are more likely to notice stimuli they anticipate * People are more likely to notice stimuli whose deviations are large in relationship to the normal size of the stimuli * Selective distortion Is the tendency to interpret information in a way that fits our preconceptions. Selective distortion can work to the advantages of marketers with strong brands when consumers distort neutral or ambiguous brand information to make it more positive. Selective retention We are likely to remember good points about a product we like and forget good points about competing products. It explains why marketers need to use repetition. * Subliminal perception Learning ((When we act we learn)) Learning induces changes in our behavior arising from experience. Learning theorists believe learning is produced through the interplay of drive s, stimuli, cues, responses amp; reinforcement. Drive is a strong internal stimulus impelling action. Cues are minor stimuli that determine when, where amp; how a person response. Discrimination means we have learned to recognize differences in sets of similar stimuli amp; can adjust our responses accordingly. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues amp; providing positive reinforcement. Hedonic bias occurs when people have a general tendency to attribute success to themselves amp; failure to external causes. Emotion Consumer response is not all cognitive amp; rational; much maybe emotional amp; invoke different kinds of feelings. A brand or product may make a consumer feel proud, excited, or confident. An ad may create feeling of amusement, disgust, or wonder. Memory * Short term memory (STM) a temporary amp; limited repository of information. * Long term memory (LTM) a more permanent, essentially unlimited repository. All the information amp; experiences we encounter as we go through life can end up in our long-term memory. Associative network memory model views LTM as a set of nodes amp; links. Nodes are stored information connected by links that vary in strength. A spreading process from node to node determine how much we retrieve amp; what information we can actually recall in any given situation. In this model, we can think of consumer brand knowledge as a node in memory with a variety of linked associations. The strength of these associations will be important determinant of the info we can recall about the brand. Brand association consist of all brand-related thoughts , feelings , perceptions , images, experiences , beliefs , attitudes amp; so on that become linked to the brand node. State farm mental map State farm mental map Fig 2. 2 Fig 2. 2 Memory process Memory is a very constructive process, because we don’t remember info amp; events completely amp; accurately. Memory encoding describes how amp; where info gets in the memory. The strength of the resulting association depends on how much we process the info at encoding amp; in what way. Memory retrieval is the way information gets out of memory. 1. The presence of other product info in memory can produce interference effects amp; cause us to either overlook or confuse new data. 2. The time between exposure to info amp; encoding has been shown generally to produce only gradual decay. 3. Info may be available in memory but not be accessible for recall without the proper retrieval cues or reminders. The buying decision process The five stage model of buying process: 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternatives 4. Purchase decision 5. Post purchase behavior 1. Problem recognition The buying process starts when the buyer recognizes a problem or need triggered by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need by gathering information from a number of consumers. 2. Information search Information sources * Personal: family, friends†¦etc. * Commercial: ads, web sites †¦etc. * Public: mass media †¦. etc. Experiential: handling, examining†¦etc. Search dynamic by gathering information, the consumer learns about competing brands amp; their features. Successive Sets in Decision Making: 3. Evaluation of alternatives * Some basic concepts will help us understand consumer evaluation process: First, the consumer is trying to satisfy a need. Second, the consumer is looking for a certain benefits from the product solution. Third, the consumer sees each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities to deliver the benefits. Belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Attitudes a person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, amp; action tendencies toward some object or ideas. Attitudes put us into a frame of mind: liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it. Expectancy-value model The consumer arrives at attitudes toward various brands through an attribute evaluation procedure, developing a set of beliefs about where each brand stands on each attribute. The expectancy-value model of attitude formation posits that consumers evaluate products amp; services by combining their brand beliefs according to importance. . Purchase decision In executing a purchase intention the consumer may make up to 5 sub decisions: Brand, Dealer, Quantity, Timing, and payment method. It is a Step between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase. Non-Compensatory Models of Choice: Conjunctive heuristic: the consumer set a min acceptable cutoff level for each attribute amp; chooses the first alternative that meets the min st andard for all attribute. Lexicographic heuristic: the consumer chooses the best brand on the basis of its perceived most important attribute. Elimination-by-aspects heuristic: the consumer compare brands on an attribute selected probabistically amp; eliminates brands that don’t meet min acceptable cutoffs. Intervening factors Steps purchase intention between and Purchas: Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Fig 3. 1 Fig 3. 1 Attitudes of others Depends on 2 things: 1. The intensity of the other person’s negative attitude toward our preferred alternative. 2. Our motivation to comply with the other person’s wishes. Unanticipated situational factors may erupt to change the purchase intention (Perceived Risk): 1. Functional risk: the product doesn’t perform to expectations. 2. Physical risk: the product poses a threat to physical well-being or health of the user or others 3. Financial risk: the product isn’t worth the price paid. 4. Social risk: the product results in embarrassment in front of others. 5. Psychological risk: the product affects the mental well-being of the other user. 6. Time risk: the failure of the product results in an opportunity cost of finding another satisfactory product. 5. Post purchase behavior Marketer must monitor post purchase satisfaction, actions, uses amp; disposal. Post purchase satisfaction Satisfaction is a function of closeness between expectations amp; the product’s perceived performance. If performance falls of expectations the consumer is disappointed; if it meets expectations the consumer is satisfied; if it exceeds expectations, the consumer is delighted. Post purchase actions Satisfied consumer is more likely to purchase the product again amp; will also tend to say good things about the brand to others. Dissatisfied consumer may abandon or return the product. Private actions include deciding to stop buying the product (exit option) or warning friends (voice option). Post purchase uses amp; disposal Marketers should also monitor how buyers use amp; dispose of the product. Fig 3. 2 Fig 3. 2 How buyers use amp; dispose of the product How buyers use amp; dispose of the product Moderating effects on consumer decision making The manner or path by which a consumer moves through the decision-making stages depends on several factors including the level of involvement amp; extent of variety seeking. * Low-Involvement Decision Making Petty amp; cacippo’s elaboration an influential model of attitude formation amp; change, describe how consumers make evaluation in both low amp; high involvement circumstances. Central route in which attitude or change stimulates much thought amp; is based on consumer’s diligent, rational consideration of the most important product information. Peripheral route in which attitude formation or change provokes much less thought amp; results from the consumers association of a brand with either positive or negative peripheral cues. Marketers use 4 techniques to try to covert low involvement product into one of higher involvement: 1. They can link the product to an engaging issue. 2. They can link the product to a personal situation. 3. They might design advertising to trigger strong emotions related to personal values. 4. They might add an important feature. * Variety-seeking buying behavior Here consumers often do a lot of brand switching. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. The market leader will try to encourage habitual buying behavior by dominating the self-space with a variety of related but different product versions, avoiding out-of-stock conditions, amp; sponsoring frequent reminder advertising. Behavioral decision theory amp; behavioral economics Behavioral decision theory (BDT) has identified many situations in which consumers make seemingly irrational choices. 1. Decision heuristics. 2. Framing. 3. Mental accounting. * Decision heuristics 1. Availability heuristic consumers base their predictions on the quickness amp; ease with which a particular example of an outcomes comes to mind. 2. Representative heuristic consumers base their predictions on how representative or similar the outcomes are to other examples.